{"id":12683,"date":"2014-05-22T23:29:48","date_gmt":"2014-05-23T03:29:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/etherwave.wordpress.com\/?p=12683"},"modified":"2014-05-22T23:29:48","modified_gmt":"2014-05-23T03:29:48","slug":"a-historical-primer-on-wais-collapse-part-1-early-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/2014\/05\/22\/a-historical-primer-on-wais-collapse-part-1-early-history\/","title":{"rendered":"A Historical Primer on WAIS Collapse, Part 1: Early History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"ScienceCasts: No Turning Back - West Antarctic Glaciers in Irreversible Decline\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/W2pYHMx5bN8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">Two new papers, <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1249055\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">in\u00a0<em>Science<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/span>,<em>\u00a0<\/em>and <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/2014GL060140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">in\u00a0<em>Geophysical Research Letters<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/span>, demonstrate that Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica has reached a point of instability, which, at some point in the future, will lead to the collapse of that part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), and, eventually, the rest of it as well. \u00a0Over a period of some centuries, sea level rises will be catastrophic. \u00a0The video above is by NASA, discussing some of the key points.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">Various reports on this subject have traced work on this question back to geologist <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ead.ohiolink.edu\/xtf-ead\/view?docId=ead\/OhCoUBP0007.xml;chunk.id=bioghist_1;brand=default\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">John Mercer<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0(1922-1987), either to a <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/271321a0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">well-known paper<\/span><\/a><\/span> he published in\u00a0<em>Nature\u00a0<\/em>in 1978 linking WAIS collapse to anthropogenic global warming, or to <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/iahs.info\/uploads\/dms\/079020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">a more obscure paper<\/span><\/a><\/span> he published in 1968, in which he posited that WAIS was the source of higher sea levels during the <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sangamonian_(stage)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">Sangamon interglacial<\/span><\/a><\/span> 120,000 years ago. \u00a0That earlier paper also mentioned possible future danger from &#8220;industrial pollution,&#8221; but only tangentially within a larger focus on Antarctica&#8217;s glacial history.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">Having <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/2013\/11\/02\/new-article-in-climatic-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">published<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0on the history of this subject, I&#8217;d like to develop\u00a0the available\u00a0narrative somewhat, both to expand on its roots, but also to discuss some of the twists and turns that have led us from an initial suspicion that WAIS could rapidly collapse to the disquieting conclusion at which glaciologists have now arrived. <!--more--> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">WAIS&#8217;s instability is predicated on its &#8220;marine&#8221; topography, i.e., the fact that it rests on bedrock that is below sea level. \u00a0That topography was <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/igsoc\/jog\/1961\/00000003\/00000029\/art00013\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">discovered <\/span><\/a><\/span>by seismically sounding the ice sheet on traverses undertaken at part of the <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Geophysical_Year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">International Geophysical Year<\/span><\/a><\/span> of the late 1950s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">(I interviewed one of the leaders of this effort, <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/geoscience.wisc.edu\/geoscience\/people\/faculty\/faculty-official-page\/?id=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">Charles Bentley<\/span><\/a><\/span>, in 2008. \u00a0The transcript is <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aip.org\/history\/ohilist\/33888_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">here<\/span><\/a><\/span>; it is very long, but we discuss\u00a0the traverse pretty early on.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">Shortly following the discovery of WAIS&#8217;s marine nature, the \u00a0propensity of such an\u00a0ice sheet to disappear was suggested by <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/instaar.colorado.edu\/people\/john-t-hollin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">John Hollin<\/span><\/a><\/span>, and separately by <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2006\/jul\/05\/obituaries.guardianobituaries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">Raymond Adie<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0(1925-2006) and <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/action\/displayFulltext?type=1&amp;fid=301231&amp;jid=POL&amp;volumeId=41&amp;issueId=02&amp;aid=301230\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">Gordon Robin<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0(1921-2004). \u00a0These suggestions were not well elaborated upon, and were small parts of larger speculations concerning the glacial history of Antarctica as a whole. \u00a0However, they were\u00a0the\u00a0basis of Mercer&#8217;s suggestion about the source of Sangamon-era sea levels a few years later.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">A much more elaborate case for the instability of West Antarctica was made in 1972 by Mercer&#8217;s younger colleague at Ohio State, <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/climatechange.umaine.edu\/people\/profile\/terence_hughes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">Terry Hughes<\/span><\/a><\/span>, in a privately circulated &#8220;bulletin&#8221; straightforwardly\u00a0titled, &#8220;Is the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Disintegrating?&#8221; \u00a0Hughes&#8217;s argument was modified and <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/stuff.mit.edu\/~heimbach\/papers_glaciology\/jgr_hughes_1973_wais_instability.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">published<\/span><\/a><\/span> in the\u00a0<em>Journal of Geophysical Research\u00a0<\/em>in 1973. Hughes later discussed the relationship between his research and Mercer&#8217;s in <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.igsoc.org:8080\/journal\/34\/116\/igs_journal_vol34_issue116_pg136-138.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">his obituary for Mercer<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>(pdf) in the\u00a0<em>Journal of Glaciology<\/em>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">We don&#8217;t have room to go into the full structure of Hughes&#8217;s argument here. \u00a0Suffice it to quote Hughes&#8217;s obituary for Mercer, where he refers to it as an &#8220;elaborate chain of speculation.&#8221; Very quickly he expanded on this chain by\u00a0using WAIS instability as a means of explaining\u00a0how the earth&#8217;s long-term cycles of warming and deglaciation reversed themselves&#8212;a case he made in detail in another bulletin-turned-article, &#8220;The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Instability, Disintegration, and Initiation of Ice Ages,&#8221; <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1029\/RG013i004p00502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">published<\/span><\/a><\/span> in 1975.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">However, once Hughes moved to the University of Maine, where he would spend the rest of his career, he, in collaboration with his colleague, geologist George Denton, and Russian geologist Mikhail Grosswald, <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/266596a0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">repurposed<\/span><\/a><\/span> the prospect of the instability of marine ice sheets\u00a0as a means of explaining how the Laurentide Ice Sheet in North America disintegrated. \u00a0(This work was part of the multi-institutional <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate:_Long_range_Investigation,_Mapping,_and_Prediction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CLIMAP project<\/a>.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">The critical point to take home from all of this\u00a0is that,\u00a0by the late 1970s, the strongest evidence for marine ice sheet\u00a0instability was that such instability\u00a0<em>made sense\u00a0<\/em>as a part of an explanation of the natural process of deglaciation. \u00a0Within this framework, WAIS collapse was simply a future event in the same process that had already resulted in the destruction of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, but <em>not<\/em> the Greenland Ice Sheet (which is not a marine ice sheet). \u00a0This was essentially the main\u00a0point\u00a0of a 1981 book that Hughes and Denton edited called\u00a0<em>The Last Great Ice Sheets<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">Meanwhile, though, Northwestern University&#8217;s glaciological theorist <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/matsci.northwestern.edu\/people\/faculty\/profiles\/johannes-weertman.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">Hans Weertman<\/span><\/a><\/span> (Hughes&#8217;s first mentor in glaciology) had published a paper in 1974, <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.igsoc.org\/journal.old\/13\/67\/igs_journal_vol13_issue067_pg3-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">&#8220;Stability of the Junction of an Ice Sheet and an Ice Shelf,&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0(pdf) developing a rudimentary two-dimensional model of the physics of marine ice sheets to establish the plausibility of their instability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">This physical plausibility established, it became important to determine whether the theoretical instability of WAIS was, in fact, manifesting\u00a0itself in an actual collapse, which could only be\u00a0determined by empirically studying the present state and movement of the ice sheet. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">The first observations were made during the Ross Ice Shelf Geophysical and Glaciological Survey (RIGGS), which ran through the mid-1970s, by the project glaciologist, Bob Thomas. \u00a0More ice drains out of West Antarctica through\u00a0that sector than any other, so it was a logical place to begin work. \u00a0While Thomas felt that the ice sheet could drain rapidly if the Ross Ice Shelf were suddenly removed, the existence of\u00a0pinning points holding the ice shelf in place\u00a0made it <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.igsoc.org\/journal.old\/20\/84\/igs_journal_vol20_issue084_pg509-518.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">implausible<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0(pdf)\u00a0that it\u00a0would disappear rapidly, if indeed the ice shelf was not actually in equilibrium.<\/span> <span style=\"color:#000000;\">(<span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aip.org\/history\/ohilist\/33878.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">See my 2009 interview with Thomas.<\/span><\/a><\/span>)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">To be clear, in the 1970s, all glaciologists who were interested in possible WAIS collapse regarded it as a natural, rather than an anthropogenically triggered, process. \u00a0And it was beginning to become clear that such a natural collapse was unlikely to happen in the near-term. \u00a0Thus,\u00a0John Mercer used\u00a0his 1978\u00a0<em>Nature\u00a0<\/em>paper, &#8220;West Antarctic Ice Sheet and CO<sub>2<\/sub> Greenhouse Warming: A Threat of Disaster,&#8221; to argue\u00a0that what might not happen naturally might well happen as a consequence of human action.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">Beyond Mercer&#8217;s concerns about global warming,\u00a0Terry Hughes continued to view the question at hand not to be <em>whether<\/em> a collapse would occur, but what was to stop it from doing so. \u00a0Looking at a map of Antarctica, he and Denton saw that, while the Ross Ice Shelf did inhibit the flow of ice through that outlet, there was little to inhibit the flow of ice through the Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers into the Amundsen Sea. \u00a0In a\u00a01981 letter to the\u00a0<em>Journal of Glaciology<\/em>, he argued that that sector was<span style=\"color:#003366;\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1155&amp;context=ers_facpub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">&#8220;the weak underbelly of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet&#8221;<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>(pdf), which could collapse naturally or be accelerated by anthropogenic global warming. And, indeed, this is the sector now regarded as having passed\u00a0a point of no return.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><strong>So,\u00a0if all the basic ideas concerning our current state of affairs were on the table by 1981, why did it take a further 33 years for the conversation to reach the point that it has?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">According to Justin Gillis and Kenneth Chang&#8217;s<span style=\"color:#003366;\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/05\/13\/science\/earth\/collapse-of-parts-of-west-antarctica-ice-sheet-has-begun-scientists-say.html?smid=tw-share&amp;_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">report<\/span><\/a> <\/span>on the latest results at the\u00a0<em>New York Times<\/em>,\u00a0Mercer was &#8220;assailed&#8221; when he presented his ideas. Elizabeth Kolbert <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/online\/blogs\/elements\/2014\/05\/the-west-antarctica-ice-sheet-melt-defending-the-drama.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">at\u00a0<em>The New<\/em> <em>Yorker<\/em>&#8216;s website<\/span><\/a><\/span> suggests &#8220;scientists&#8221;\u00a0are\u00a0overly cautious in pressing their concerns in order to avert accusations of alarmism by climate-change denialists.\u00a0However, I don&#8217;t think such narratives help us to understand the evolution of the discourse surrounding the WAIS issue.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">Mercer&#8217;s paper did, in fact, receive a great deal of positive attention, both in the public and scientific press. \u00a0A full cultural history of this media reaction to Mercer&#8217;s work is\u00a0called for, but, as a first step, one can look at the early and frequent mention of his assertion in\u00a0<em>Nature<\/em>&#8216;s coverage of global warming (see <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/271695a0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">here<\/span><\/a><\/span>,<span style=\"color:#003366;\"> <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/279001a0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">here<\/span><\/a>,<\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/280189a0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">here<\/span><\/a><\/span>, and <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/285061a0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">here<\/span><\/a><\/span>). \u00a0Additionally, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the U. S. Department of Energy, among other important organizations, immediately took a strong interest in the issue.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">Concerns about alarmism came, in part, from scientific insiders who were concerned\u00a0that both public and scientific media were overreacting\u00a0to an issue that certainly demanded attention, but\u00a0was one where\u00a0researchers had yet to really\u00a0even scratch the surface. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><em>At that time<\/em>, the\u00a0only\u00a0evidence for WAIS collapse on any timeframe was Weertman&#8217;s rudimentary model of marine ice-sheet instability, and Hughes&#8217;s self-consciously radical speculation concerning the role of marine ice sheets in driving changes in\u00a0the paleoclimate, and the unfinished state of the last planetary deglaciation. Meanwhile, the likelihood that the main body of Antarctica would remain below freezing even with global warming, and the apparent equilibrium of ice flow across the ice sheet and its ice shelves, spoke against the need for urgency.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">And new evidence pointing to collapse was a long time in coming. \u00a0So, as time passed, many scientists interested in assessing the\u00a0impacts of future climatic change proved\u00a0reluctant to include a possible WAIS collapse in their projections. \u00a0<span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00138850\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">In 1989<\/span><\/a><\/span>, for example, climate modeler <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.staff.science.uu.nl\/~oerle102\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">Hans\u00a0Oerlemans<\/span><\/a><\/span> acknowledged the &#8220;great deal of public attention&#8221;\u00a0that had surrounded\u00a0sea-level rise since Mercer&#8217;s 1978 paper, but asserted, albeit not conclusively, that there was little reason to believe that WAIS would be a major contributor to sea-level change in the near future.*<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">As late as <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1126\/science.275.5303.1077\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">a 1997 article<\/span><\/a><\/span> in\u00a0<em>Science<\/em>, Charles Bentley&#8212;who had begun an intensive program of study of the glaciology of WAIS following Mercer&#8217;s paper&#8212;argued that the evidence spoke against any near-term danger of collapse, either as a natural or anthropogenically triggered process. \u00a0He pointed specifically to the unlikelihood that deep warm-water currents could melt ice-sheet grounding lines, and to the apparent slowness of the glaciers flowing into the Amundsen Sea. \u00a0Both these reassuring points would be overturned within the following\u00a0few years, leading to a renewed and more widely shared\u00a0concern over the potential of WAIS collapse, culminating in the present moment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a style=\"color:#003366;\" href=\"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/2014\/08\/04\/a-historical-primer-on-wais-collapse-pt-2-recent-history\/\">We will address the crucial recent history of WAIS collapse research in Pt. 2.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">&#8212;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color:#000000;\">*Oerlemans was co-author of the chapter on sea-level rise of <span style=\"color:#003366;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/publications_and_data\/publications_and_data_reports.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color:#003366;\">the first IPCC assessment report<\/span><\/a><\/span>, which appeared in 1990. \u00a0The IPCC process has been criticized for not paying proper heed to the risk of WAIS collapse, but\u00a0it should also be pointed out that that process is statutorily constrained to project only over the next 100 years. \u00a0Virtually all assessments, up to nearly the present, agreed that WAIS contribution to sea-level rise in that short timeframe will be minimal.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Two new papers, in\u00a0Science,\u00a0and in\u00a0Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrate that Thwaites Glacier in Antarctica has reached a point of instability, which, at some point in the future, will lead to the collapse of that part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), and, eventually, the rest of it as well. \u00a0Over a period of some centuries,<\/p>\n<p class=\"text-right\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Continue Reading&#8230; A Historical Primer on WAIS Collapse, Part 1: Early History<\/span><a class=\"btn btn-secondary continue-reading\" href=\"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/2014\/05\/22\/a-historical-primer-on-wais-collapse-part-1-early-history\/\">Continue Reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[223,510,788,790,830,1090,1267,1402],"class_list":["post-12683","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-commentary-track","tag-charles-bentley","tag-george-denton","tag-johannes-oerlemans","tag-johannes-weertman","tag-john-mercer","tag-mikhail-grosswald","tag-robert-h-thomas","tag-terence-hughes"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12683","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12683"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12683\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12683"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12683"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rational-action.com\/etherwave\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12683"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}